Between the 9th and 15th centuries contact had been established between West Africa and Western Europe as a result of the success of the Portuguese in pioneering the sea routes around the western bulge of the Sahara. With news of commercial opportunities, other Europeans (English, French and the Dutch) began to do regular business on West African waters. The development of plantation economies in the tropical lands of the Americas led to a steadily increasing demand for African labour, hence many Africans were shipped across the Atlantic. By the end of the 18th century, the effort to abolish export of slaves was in progress, hence the gradual introduction of the ‘legitimate trade’. During this period also, various European powers were undergoing industrial revolutions in their home countries. The need for expansion and acquisition of raw materials for industrial production became paramount equally. The abundance of these raw materials in tropical Africa increased the tempo for the struggle to secure a place in the ‘Sun’ (Africa). Before this time, the various European powers had already concluded arrangements for colonization of their specific areas of influence in the eighty odd years since the abolition of slave trade, by way of treaties, threat of war or war. Accordingly, the Berlin Conference of 1884-5 was merely an international recognition of these various colonizing European powers to move ahead. The gun-fire for the start of a race which two of the participants, France and Britain, had already been in training was the spark that was needed to set ablaze the powder keg situation. France was quick to resort to armed column in her areas of influence – Saint Luis, Dakar, Niger, Dahomey and Cameroun. Britain on the other hand, was still reluctant to take up arms. When she eventually did, between 1896 and 1900, it was a question of time, as Ashanti, Yorubaland, Benin, and Northern Nigeria (Sokoto Caliphate inclusive) fell prey to the attacks. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to see among other things the British interest in the area referred to as Sokoto Caliphate, the crises and conflicts that ensued, the resistance put up by the people and the eventual conquest of the caliphate. The old Northern Nigeria, as well

The kidneys, essential for maintaining fluid balance and filtering waste from the blood, are crucial organs. Dysfunction of the kidneys can lead to life-threatening metabolic derangements and may progress to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) poses a significant global health challenge, characterized by kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for ≥3 months, irrespective of cause and is affecting over 50 million people worldwide (Salhab et al., 2019).. In the United States, over 125,000 people initiated treatment for ESKD in 2016, with more than 726,000 individuals on dialysis. In Egypt, the estimated incidence of CKD is 74 per million populations (Yehia , 2022), while in Saudi Arabia, it ranges from 80 to 120 per million ( Bakarman, 2019). The burden of CKD in regions like Kurdistan in Iraq requires dedicated research efforts (Qader and Naqshbandi, 2019). . Hemodialysis (HD) is a critical Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) for patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), involving the removal of blood from the body, filtering it through an artificial kidney (dialyzer), and returning the filtered blood to the patient. The availability of dialysis treatment vary across different Arabian countries, with some countries facing challenges in dialysis due to resource constraints and infrastructure limitations. The prevalence of hemodialysis is significant worldwide, especially in Arabian countries due to the high incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESRD. In Iraq, particularly in regions like Kurdistan, which comprises provinces such as Erbil, Sulaimaniya, and Duhok, the prevalence of patients undergoing hemodialysis has shown an increasing trend in recent years. Unfortunately, precise data on the prevalence rates in these specific regions might be require updated and detailed local studies. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Quality of Life (QOL) as multidimensional concept that encompasses various aspects of an individual's well-being, functioning, and overall life satisfaction. Hemodialysis significantly impacts the quality of life (QOL) for patients. The treatment regimen disrupts daily life, leading to employment challenges, altered eating habits, and psychological and social difficulties. Efforts to enhance QOL have become integral to the treatment of ESRD, with positive outcomes. In the intricate relationship between CKD, HD, and QOL, exercise emerges as a potential mitigat

The Air Waybill (AWB) is a crucial document in the air transportation industry, serving a variety of functions beyond its primary role as evidence of a contract between the shipper and the carrier. In addition to serving as a receipt for the goods being transported, it also acts as a document of title, a contract of carriage, and a record of the shipment details. Firstly, as a receipt, the AWB serves as proof that the goods have been accepted for transportation by the carrier. It includes details such as the date of acceptance, the name of the shipper and consignee, and a description of the goods being transported. For example, when a manufacturer ships a consignment of electronic goods to a distributor overseas, the AWB serves as proof that the carrier has taken possession of the goods for transport. Secondly, the AWB acts as a document of title, allowing the consignee to take possession of the goods upon arrival at the destination. This is particularly important in international trade, where the consignee may need to present the AWB to customs authorities in order to clear the goods for entry into the country. For instance, when a retailer in Europe imports a shipment of clothing from a supplier in Asia, the AWB serves as the document of title that allows the consignee to claim the goods upon arrival. Thirdly, the AWB serves as a contract of carriage, outlining the terms and conditions of the transportation agreement between the shipper and the carrier. It includes details such as the applicable rates, charges, and liabilities of the carrier. This is essential for both parties to understand their respective obligations and responsibilities. For example, when a produce exporter contracts with an air carrier to transport a shipment of fresh fruits to a distant market, the terms of the transportation agreement are outlined in the AWB. Finally, the AWB serves as a record of the shipment details, providing a comprehensive account of the transportation process. This includes information such as the origin and destination airports, the routing of the shipment, and any special instructions or requirements for the handling of the goods. This record is valuable for both the carrier and the shipper to track and trace the shipment throughout its journey. For instance, when a pharmaceutical company ships a high-value parcel of temperature-sensitive drugs to a distant location, the detailed shipment record in the AWB allows for close monitoring of the transportati

Nowadays, a lot of actions are done for improving the safety of roads such as constructing suitable roads which are competent with different climate in various regions and considering high fee for breaking the driving laws. Plenty of people believe that the appropriate way for improving road safety is to increase the minimum legal age for riding a car or motorbike. I completely agree with this statement. In fact, when individuals are in higher age, they drive with caution and the rate of accidents will be decrease. Generally, one of earlier things that the teenagers do after legal age is to get driving license and they are so excited for that. Therefore, they like to have a car and use that while they do not completely aware of rules which are considered for different roads and have very rash for driving. For example, young people have many competitions with their peers in many aspects that one of them is car driving. Consequently, it causes that they do not obey the rules of road and drive without caution and dangerous so if the governments increase the age of drivers, the rate of accident which occurs because of ignoring rights and exciting behaviors will be decline and road safety will be improved. On the other hand, the rate of accidents that are occurred as a result of carelessness is a high rate and according to researcher most of them relate to people who are young in comparison with old people. For instance, individuals who are in sensitive age keep decisions which do not think about them so they are not aware of the ramification that will occur because of these choices. As a result, when the age of driver be higher, they have good actions and do not have risk manners that will have disaster results and harmful hurts not only for themselves but also for other drivers. In conclusion, some people say that it is a good decision that the age of drive license are be increase till the safety of road will be improve. In my opinion, this decision has a perfect result and probably the rate of accident will be decrease

Duty of care and duty of candour are two concepts that are closely related in the context of professional ethics, particularly in the healthcare industry. While they are distinct concepts, they both emphasize the responsibility and ethical obligations of professionals towards their clients or patients. Duty of care refers to the legal and moral obligation of professionals to provide a reasonable standard of care and act in the best interests of their clients or patients. It is a fundamental principle in various professions, including healthcare, where practitioners are expected to exercise reasonable skill, knowledge, and judgment while delivering services or treatments. Duty of care requires professionals to prioritize the well-being and safety of their clients or patients, ensuring that their actions or omissions do not cause harm. On the other hand, duty of candour pertains to the ethical obligation of professionals to be open, honest, and transparent in their communication with clients or patients. It emphasizes the importance of truthfulness and disclosure when adverse events or incidents occur during the course of care. Duty of candour encourages professionals to promptly inform patients about any errors, mistakes, or incidents that may have resulted in harm or have the potential to cause harm. It involves providing clear and accurate information about the situation, explaining the consequences, and discussing possible courses of action or remedies. The relationship between duty of care and duty of candour lies in their shared objective of promoting patient welfare and ethical conduct. Duty of care focuses on preventing harm by delivering competent care, while duty of candour emphasizes the ethical responsibility to address and rectify harm when it does occur. By adhering to both principles, professionals can demonstrate their commitment to patient safety, trust, and ethical integrity. In practice, duty of care and duty of candour often intersect when adverse events or errors happen in healthcare settings. When a professional realizes that harm has occurred or is likely to occur, their duty of care requires them to mitigate the harm and take appropriate actions to protect the patient's well-being. Simultaneously, their duty of candour necessitates open and honest communication with the patient, disclosing the incident, providing relevant information, and involving the patient in decision-making processes regarding their care. Overall, dutycare

Bruh. It says on Google Docs that it's coming soon. Does not work.

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It says it works with google docs, it doesn't. it just says coming soon... :|

This is a very relevant experience that will improve the quality of academics and students writing abilities, enhance standard way of doing things and promote efficiency and effectiveness.

Childbirth can be interpreted as a natural process that is very important for a mother where there is expulsion of products of conception (fetus and placenta) that are full-term or term (37-42 weeks). There are two methods of delivery, namely vaginal delivery known as natural delivery and Caesarean delivery or Sectio Caesarea